A sodiumcooled fast reactor is a fast neutron reactor cooled by liquid sodium. Jun 26, 2014 the aircraft reactor experiment, the first msr, was a 2. Salt cooled fast reactor by the e generation issuu. Iaea nuclear energy series liquid metal coolants for fast reactors. Safety and core design of large liquidmetal cooled fast breeder. An accelerated development of the latter is possible due to the sizeable experience on leadbismuth. Pdf metal fuel development for sodiumcooled fast reactor. What enables a candu reactor to operate with natural uranium. Innovative radiationbased direct heat exchanger dhx for liquid metal cooled reactors article in nuclear engineering and design 263.
Metal fuel is being developed for the prototype generationiv sodium cooled fast reactor pgsfr to be built by 2028. This technology development and experience include aspects. Failed fuel monitoring and surveillance techniques for liquid metal cooled fast reactors showing 14 of 10 pages in this report. The properties data have been initially stored in the thersyst data system at the university of stuttgart, germany, which was subsequently. Us8418532b2 steam generator for sodium cooled fast reactor. When it became clear in the 1980s that this was not a realistic expectation. And the new cooled tube reactor module is no exception. Argonne has traditionally been the foremost institute in the u. But its also very corrosive when in contact with air, water, many metals and human flesh. In this paper, two fast reactor systems are discussed the sodiumcooled fast reactor, which has already been built and can be further improved, and the leadcooled fast reactor that could be developed relatively soon. Innovative radiationbased direct heat exchanger dhx for. In principle this reactor is similar to the lmfr previously discussed, but it has many features that arc different. Innovative breeder reactor concepts using liquid metal coolants such as sodium or lead will be able to utilize the waste produced by the current light water reactor fuel cycle to power the entire world for several centuries to come. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext.
Nrc program on knowledge management for liquidmetalcooled. This reactor is capable of heating 50 bt of coolant using only 0. Failed fuel monitoring and surveillance techniques for liquid. Flow distribution in spherical header of a liquid metal. Liquid metal cooled reactors an overview sciencedirect. Liquid metal cooled reactors are third behind water cooled and gas cooled reactors in terms of global commercial reactor experience.
Liquid metal cooled reactors design and construction. Metal cooled reactors are of two 2 designs loop or pool, as illustrated by the following figures. Heavy wwater ater cooled reactors candukey ccandu andu features canada deuterium uranium. High temperature gas cooled reactor htgr, which is a graphite moderated, helium cooled reactor, is particularly attractive due to capability of producing high temperature helium gas and its inherent safety characteristics, as well as an option to efficiently burn weaponsgrade plutonium for energy production. That effort included the recognized need for a largecapacity, highly capable testing reactor. A liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor, liquid metal fast reactor or lmfr is an advanced type of. Overview of heavy liquid metal coolant reactor technology. Thermal hydraulics aspects of liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors is. An organic nuclear reactor, or organic cooled reactor ocr, is a type of nuclear reactor that uses some form of organic fluid, typically a hydrocarbon substance like polychlorinated biphenyl pcb, for cooling and sometimes as a neutron moderator as well.
Boardman general electric company, 6835 ha del oro, p. It is clean, reliable, and provides extremely accurate temperature control. Rickover was initially leaning toward the sodium cooled reactor because, from liquid metal reactor experience with the ebri, the sodium cooled knowledge base was further advanced than the pwr, and the sodium cooled reactor did have higher steam cycle efficiency. This section first identifies the advantages and challenges of lbe cooled fast reactor systems, and then presents design goals and constraints. The russians started with 2, 5, and 10 mw prototypes and subsequently developed bn350, bn600, bn800, and bn1600 designs. Because the reactor tube is surrounded on all sides by the temperature controlled gas, conductivity is actually better than the line contact achieved by winding a reactor tube around a metal mandrel.
Advanced liquid metal reactor almr program has focused on prism power reactor inherently safe module. Preliminary considerations for fastspectrum, liquidmetal cooled. Advanced passive design of small modular reactor cooled by. A sodium cooled fast reactor is a fast neutron reactor cooled by liquid sodium the acronym sfr particularly refers to two generation iv reactor proposals, one based on existing lmfr technology using mox fuel, the other based on the metal fueled integral fast reactor. A liquid metal cooled nuclear fission reactor plant having a passive auxiliary safety cooling system for removing residual heat resulting from fuel decay during reactor shutdown, or heat produced during a mishap. For this reason, a fastspectrum, liquidmetal cooled reactor was selected for study. Its properties allow the physical size of the primary plant design to be reduced. Liquid metal fast breeder reactors by eduard khodarev 1. From the viewpoint that a sodium cooled fast reactor sfr has the potential of an enhanced safety by utilizing inherent safety characteristics, transuranics tru reduction, and resolving the spent fuel storage problems through a proliferationresistant actinide recycling, an sfr is sure to be the most promising nuclear power option. Uzr fuel is a driver for the initial core of pgsfr, and utruzr fuel will. Nuclear regulatory commission s nrcs office of nuclear regulatory research has been actively engaged in an effort to develop and compile information on liquidmetalcooled reactors lmrs, particularly sodiumcooled fast reactors sfrs, as part of a concerted knowledge management km program for lmrs.
Heavy water, gas and liquid metal cooled reactors mit. Preliminary considerations for fastspectrum, liquidmetal cooled nuclear reactor program for spacepower applications by gerald p. Apr 24, 2014 the big reactors mod was one of the mods that took me a long time to figure out. Liquid metal cooled nuclear power plant reactor designs. Liquid metal cooled reactors archives atomic insights. Nuclear reactor nuclear reactor liquidmetal reactors. Miller lewis research center summary a nuclear reactor suitable for spacepower applications should ideally be compact, in order to develope a reliable nuclear reactor for. Heavy liquid metal reactor development nuclear engineering. Liquid metal coolants for fast reactors cooled by sodium, lead, and leadbismuth eutectic.
Thermophysical properties database of materials for light. The heavy liquid metal coolant hlmc reactor research initiative is one element of efforts at argonne to address reactor technologies that can fulfill the requirements for nuclear power to be viable as an important energy resource for the 21st century, both for. The acronym sfr particularly refers to two generation iv reactor proposals, one based on existing lmfr technology using mox fuel, the other based on the metalfueled integral fast reactor. The potential for aircooled hightemperature nuclear. Safety and core design of large liquidmetal cooled fast.
Structural materials for liquid metal cooled fast reactor. Liquid metal cooled reactors were first adapted for nuclear submarine use but have also been extensively studied for power generation applications. Test and demonstration reactors using sodium, lead, or leadbismuth coolant have been constructed in the united states, the russian federation, france, japan, the united kingdom, and most recently in china and india. A steam generator, used in a helical coil type steam generator for a sodium cooled fast reactor which has heat transfer tubes of a doublewall tube structure, with high heat transfer efficiency and a heat transfer tube damage detection unit that can detect online in realtime whether the heat transfer tube is damaged or not.
Why is sodium not used as a coolant in a nuclear reactor. Survey of sodiumcooled fast reactor fuel handling systems for relevant design and operating characteristics by j. Thermal hydraulics aspects of liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors 1st edition isbn. The first of these is the liquid metal fuel gas cooled reactor. Mar 18, 2020 in 1965, the joint committee on atomic energy jcae, the president and the aec determined that the time was right to apply available resources to serious research and development of liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactors. Portable document format pdf file that the user can navigate after opening the. Lmfbr basics a fast breeder reactor can convert uranium238 into plutonium239 at a rate faster than it consumes its fuel mixture of u235 plus pu239 by repeated recycling of the fuel, it should be. The small liquid metal cooled reactor safety study documents results from activities conducted under small liquid metal fast reactor coordination program slmfrcp agreement, january 2004, between the central research institute of the electric power industry criepi of japan and the lawrence livermore national laboratory llnl1. The amount of gaseous activity released from fftf is expected to be trivial as a result of two factors. Heavy water, gas and liquid metal cooled reactorscooled reactors jacopo buongiorno associate professor of nuclear science and engineering 22.
Thermophysical properties database of materials for light water reactors and heavy water reactors final report of a coordinated research project 19992005 june 2006. Why we need fast breeder reactors a study of future energy requirements and of the potential of various energy sources coal, oil, gas, nuclear power, hydropower and solar energy indicates that the contribution to be. Design concept of advanced sodiumcooled fast reactor and. Her power plant would be the sodium cooled reactor. Chapter 25 additional liquid metal reactors in this chapter three other types of liquid metal fuel reactors will be discussed. Scoreconcepts of liquid metal cooled space reactors for. Thermal hydraulics aspects of liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors. Liquid metal coolants for fast reactors cooled by sodium. Preliminary considerations for fastspectrum, liquidmetal. A liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor, liquid metal fast reactor or lmfr is an advanced type of nuclear reactor where the primary coolant is a liquid metal. Sodiumcooled fastneutronspectrum liquidmetal reactors lmrs received much attention during the 1960s and 70s when it appeared that their breeding capabilities would soon be needed to supply fissile material to a rapidly expanding nuclear industry. Big reactors very efficient actively cooled reactor. Liquid,odi um frolll prilllary puillp of a typi ca l liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactor lmfbr reaches a, pheri cal header through a ve rtical pipe and fl ows to the inlet plenum of the reactor through two di scharge pipes. Evaluation of control loop interaction in liquid metal cooled.
International atomic energy agency, liquid metal coolants for fast reactors cooled by sodium, lead and leadbismuth eutectic, nuclear energy series no. Box 530954, san jose, california 951535354, usa received 1 september 1990 the u. Big reactors very efficient actively cooled reactor here is a very efficient big reactor. Nuregkm0007, nrc program on knowledge management for. Liquid metal cooled fast reactor fuel assemblies operational behaviour no. This publication presents a survey of worldwide experience gained with fast breeder reactor design, development and operation. Compared to water, metal coolants have a higher thermal conductivity and a lower specific heat capacity. Us5223210a passive cooling system for liquid metal cooled. Radionuclide production transport and release from normal. Nuclear engineering and design 6 1992 111120 111 northholland prism liquid metal cooled reactor plant design and performance w. Mar 31, 2009 a hightemperature nuclear reactor may be cooled by the equivalent volume of helium, air, nitrogen or even carbon dioxide being pumped through the reactor at the same pressure. The first two reactor types use forced convection to remove the thermal. Taiwo abstract the design and performance characteristics of experimental breeder reactorii ebrii, fast.
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